"Гибкие Автоматизированные Производства" |
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Наилучшие результаты даст применение автоматически управляемых транспортных средств, обеспечивающих изменения маршрутов и последовательность доставки.
Текст 5.2.
I. Попытайтесь определить по заголовку, о чем идет речь в
тексте 5.2.
II. Прочитайте текст 5.2 и определите его основное содержание. Скажите, за счет каких факторов обеспечивается
безопасность движения автоматически управляемых
транспортных средств (AGV).
APPLICATION OF AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE (AGV)
1. The AGV is a system in which identical vehicles load, unload and transport loads under computer control, without a human operator on board. Directional control is provided by some type of guidepath,1 mounted in the floor or transmitted via radio messages. The network and the carts are controlled by base computers, on-board computers and local traffic control devices which also communicate with the overall FMS control system.
2. The major benefits of using AGV systems in FMS are as follows: The route of the AGVs can be easily altered, expanded and modified, simply by changing the guidepath of the carts. This procedure is more effective than modifying fixed conveyor lines or railed carts. It provides a direct access to material handling system for loading and unloading FMS cells and accessing AS/RS (Automated Storage and Retrieval System). In this way new and already existing cells can be linked one-by-one to the overall mate¬rials handling system, provided that each cell has the necessary control interface and is mechanically compatible with the AGV system.
3. Because of the computer control, AGVs can be monitored in real-time. If the FMS control system decides to change the schedule, the carts can be rerouted and urgent requests can be served.
Radio control, an alternative to indoor mounted communications lines, permits two way communication between the onboard computer and a remote computer, independent of where the cart is or whether it is in motion. To issue a command to a vehicle the central computer sends a bit stream via its transmitter using frequency shift key methods to address a specific vehicle The signal transmitted from the base station is, therefore, read by the appropriate vehicle only. Typical commands from the base computer include go from A to В position, stop, load, unload, recharge battery, etc. The cart is also capable of sending signals |
back lo the remote controller, to report the status of the vehicle, vehicle malfunction,3 battery status, and so on.
4. AGV can travel at a slow speed but typically operate in the
range of 10 to 70 m/min. They have on-board microprocessor
control to communicate with local zone controllers which direct
the traffic and prevent collisions between vehicles. Sometimes
AGV manufactures also use sensors for positioning accuracy to
avoid collision at the loading stations or during the transport ensuring safety.
AGV can also incorporate warning lights, horns, emergency stop buttons, fire door safety interlocks and door controls for safety in shops which are not entirely unmanned.
5. The maintenance requirements include the recharging of
batteries and the usual checks of the motor, the safety devices
(such as horns, bumpers, sensors), the on-board controller, communication links and so on. Most systems are equipped with automatic battery-condition report facility connected to a central
computer, which directs vehicles to a battery charging station before power fails. Typically, AGV can work up to eight hours without battery recharge.
6. Environment requirements should also be taken into account, namely: the guidepath is reliable if properly sealed and laid in the floor although expansion joints can cause some problems. The shop floor should be dry during operation because the carts may slip and slide. Lift tracks, if used within the same area, can damage floor control elements of AGVs, so extra attention is required.
7. The load to be considered includes size, weight and stability. If pallets are transported, the maximum part weight is reduced by the weight of the pallet itself which is usually relatively high. The clearance provided for vehicle and its load should be at least 100 mm on each side.
8. During design, the use of simulation can help detect whether there are enough carts to perform the necessary load, unload and transportation tasks and thus optimize the utilization of the AGV system. Because these carts have to work together with highly organized FMS cells as well as with automated ware¬houses under computer control, their level of performance will effect the entire efficiency of the FMS.
9. The AGV performance also depends on the number and size of buffer stores. Buffers allow cells to maintain a high level of efficiency even if there is a cell failure. In the event of failure buffers decouple the FMS cells from each other as well as from the overall materials handling and storage system.
Пояснения к тексту 5.2:
1. guidepath - направляющий путь, маршрут |
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